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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Chaconin</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><table class="wikitable infobox float-right" id="Vorlage_Infobox_Chemikalie" style="font-size:90%; margin-top:0; width:350px;" summary="Infobox Chemikalie">
<tbody><tr>
<th colspan="2" style="background:#FFDEAD; color:#202122;">Strukturformel
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="hintergrundfarbe-basis skin-invert-image" style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span>
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<th colspan="2" style="background:#FFDEAD; color:#202122;">Allgemeines
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<td style="width:33%;">Name
</td>
<td>Chaconin
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Summenformel" title="Summenformel">Summenformel</a>
</td>
<td>C<sub>45</sub>H<sub>73</sub>NO<sub>14</sub>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Kurzbeschreibung
</td>
<td>
<p>weißer Feststoff<sup id="cite_ref-Sigma_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sigma-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="background:#FFDEAD; color:#202122;">Externe Identifikatoren/Datenbanken
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="padding:0;">
<table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed wikitable" data-expandtext="+" data-collapsetext="−" style="border-top:none; margin:-1px; width:calc(100% + 2px);">
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<td style="width:33%;"><a href="CAS-Nummer" title="CAS-Nummer">CAS-Nummer</a>
</td>
<td><span title="Untervorlage eingebunden: CASRN"></span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=20562-03-2">20562-03-2</a><span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span>
</td>
<td style="background:#FFDEAD; color:#202122; border-top:1px solid #FFDEAD; padding:0.2em 0; vertical-align:bottom; width:5%;">
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="EG-Nummer" title="EG-Nummer">EG-Nummer</a> (<a href="EG-Nummer#Listennummern" title="EG-Nummer">Listennummer</a>)
</td>
<td colspan="2">633-788-5
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Europ%C3%A4ische_Chemikalienagentur" title="Europäische Chemikalienagentur">ECHA</a>-InfoCard
</td>
<td colspan="2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.echa.europa.eu/de/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.161.828">100.161.828</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="PubChem" title="PubChem">PubChem</a>
</td>
<td colspan="2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/442971">442971</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="ChemSpider" title="ChemSpider">ChemSpider</a>
</td>
<td colspan="2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.391274.html">391274</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1;"><a href="Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>
</td>
<td colspan="2"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2947331" class="extiw external" title="d:Q2947331">Q2947331</a>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="background:#FFDEAD; color:#202122;">Eigenschaften
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Molare_Masse" title="Molare Masse">Molare Masse</a>
</td>
<td>852,07 g·<a href="Mol" title="Mol">mol</a><sup>−1</sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Aggregatzustand" title="Aggregatzustand">Aggregatzustand</a>
</td>
<td>
<p>fest<sup id="cite_ref-Sigma_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sigma-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Schmelzpunkt" title="Schmelzpunkt">Schmelzpunkt</a>
</td>
<td>
<p>228–236 °C<sup id="cite_ref-Sigma_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sigma-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="background:#FFDEAD; color:#202122;">Sicherheitshinweise
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">
<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" style="width:100%;">
<tbody><tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><b><a href="Global_harmonisiertes_System_zur_Einstufung_und_Kennzeichnung_von_Chemikalien" title="Global harmonisiertes System zur Einstufung und Kennzeichnung von Chemikalien">GHS-Gefahrstoffkennzeichnung</a></b><sup id="cite_ref-Sigma_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sigma-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
<table class="hintergrundfarbe-neutral" style="text-align:center; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; display:flex; justify-content:center;">
<tbody><tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="Global_harmonisiertes_System_zur_Einstufung_und_Kennzeichnung_von_Chemikalien#Übersicht:_EU-Gefahrensymbole,_UN/GHS-Gefahrenpiktogramme,_UN/ADR-Gefahrensymbole" title="08 – Gesundheitsgefährdend"></a></span>
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="Global_harmonisiertes_System_zur_Einstufung_und_Kennzeichnung_von_Chemikalien#Übersicht:_EU-Gefahrensymbole,_UN/GHS-Gefahrenpiktogramme,_UN/ADR-Gefahrensymbole" title="07 – Achtung"></a></span>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><b>Achtung</b>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" width="33%" style="border-top:1px #A7A7A7 dashed; border-right:1px #A7A7A7 dashed;"><a href="H-_und_P-S%C3%A4tze" title="H- und P-Sätze">H- und P-Sätze</a>
</td>
<td style="border-top:1px #A7A7A7 dashed;">H: <span title="Untervorlage eingebunden: H-Sätze"></span><a href="H-_und_P-S%C3%A4tze#H-Sätze" title="H- und P-Sätze"><span style="display:inline-block;"><span style="color:#ff5400; border-bottom:1px dotted #ff5400;" title="Gesundheitsschädlich bei Verschlucken.">302</span></span></a>‐<a href="H-_und_P-S%C3%A4tze#H-Sätze" title="H- und P-Sätze"><span style="display:inline-block;"><span style="color:#ff5400; border-bottom:1px dotted #ff5400;" title="Kann vermutlich das Kind im Mutterleib schädigen.">361d</span></span></a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top:1px #A7A7A7 dashed;">P: <span title="Untervorlage eingebunden: P-Sätze"></span><a href="H-_und_P-S%C3%A4tze#P-Sätze" title="H- und P-Sätze"><span style="display:inline-block;"><span style="color:#ff5400; border-bottom:1px dotted #ff5400;" title="Vor Gebrauch alle Sicherheitshinweise lesen und verstehen.">202</span></span></a>‐<a href="H-_und_P-S%C3%A4tze#P-Sätze" title="H- und P-Sätze"><span style="display:inline-block;"><span style="color:#ff5400; border-bottom:1px dotted #ff5400;" title="Nach Gebrauch … gründlich waschen.
(Die vom Gesetzgeber offen gelassene Einfügung ist vom Inverkehrbringer zu ergänzen)">264</span></span></a>‐<a href="H-_und_P-S%C3%A4tze#P-Sätze" title="H- und P-Sätze"><span style="display:inline-block;"><span style="color:#ff5400; border-bottom:1px dotted #ff5400;" title="Schutzhandschuhe/Schutzkleidung/Augenschutz/Gesichtsschutz/Gehörschutz/… tragen.
(Geänderter Text seit Inkraftreten der „12. Anpassung an den Technischen Fortschritt“ am 17. Oktober 2020)">280</span></span></a>‐<a href="H-_und_P-S%C3%A4tze#P-Sätze" title="H- und P-Sätze"><span style="display:inline-block;"><span style="color:#ff5400; border-bottom:1px dotted #ff5400;" title="Bei Verschlucken: Bei Unwohlsein Giftinformationszentrum / Arzt / … anrufen.">301+312</span></span></a>‐<a href="H-_und_P-S%C3%A4tze#P-Sätze" title="H- und P-Sätze"><span style="display:inline-block;"><span style="color:#ff5400; border-bottom:1px dotted #ff5400;" title="Bei Exposition oder falls betroffen: Ärztlichen Rat Einholen / ärztliche Hilfe hinzuziehen.">308+313</span></span></a>‐<a href="H-_und_P-S%C3%A4tze#P-Sätze" title="H- und P-Sätze"><span style="display:inline-block;"><span style="color:#ff5400; border-bottom:1px dotted #ff5400;" title="Unter Verschluss aufbewahren.">405</span></span></a><sup id="cite_ref-Sigma_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sigma-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Toxizit%C3%A4t" title="Toxizität">Toxikologische Daten</a>
</td>
<td>
<p>500 mg·kg<sup>−1</sup> (<a href="Letale_Dosis" title="Letale Dosis">LD<sub>50</sub></a>, <a href="Ratten" title="Ratten">Ratte</a>, <a href="Peroral" title="Peroral">oral</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Sigma_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sigma-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="background:#FFDEAD; color:#202122; font-size:80%; text-align:center; line-height:150%; padding:.25em;">Wenn nicht anders vermerkt, gelten die angegebenen Daten bei <a href="Standardbedingungen" title="Standardbedingungen">Standardbedingungen</a> (0 °C, 1000 hPa).
</td></tr></tbody></table><p><span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span>
</p><p><b>Chaconin</b> ist eine natürlich vorkommende <a href="Chemische_Verbindung" title="Chemische Verbindung">chemische Verbindung</a>. Es ist eines der beiden Hauptalkaloide der <a href="Kartoffel" title="Kartoffel">Kartoffel</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemische_Struktur">Chemische Struktur</h2></div>
<p>Chaconin ist ein <a href="Glycoalkaloide" class="mw-redirect" title="Glycoalkaloide">Glycoalkaloid</a>, das sich aus Chacotriose und dem <a href="Steroidalkaloide" title="Steroidalkaloide">Steroidalkaloid</a> <a href="Solanidin" title="Solanidin">Solanidin</a> als <a href="Aglycon" title="Aglycon">Aglycon</a> zusammensetzt. Das natürlich vorkommende Glycosid der Chacotriose wird auch als <i>α</i>-Chaconin bezeichnet. Die beiden Glycoside, bei denen jeweils eine der <a href="Rhamnose" title="Rhamnose">Rhamnose</a>-Komponenten fehlt, werden als <i>β</i><sub>1</sub>- (ohne Rhamnose in Position 2 der Glucose) bzw. <i>β</i><sub>2</sub>-Chaconin (ohne Rhamnose in Position 4 der Glucose) bezeichnet. Das Glucosid, bei dem beide Rhamnose-Gruppen fehlen, wird als <i>γ</i>-Chaconin bezeichnet.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vorkommen_und_Biosynthese">Vorkommen und Biosynthese</h2></div>
<div style="float:right;"></div>
<p>Chaconin ist neben <a href="Solanin" title="Solanin">Solanin</a> eines der beiden Hauptalkaloide der <a href="Kartoffel" title="Kartoffel">Kartoffel</a>. Studien mittels <sup>13</sup>C-<a href="Isotopenmarkierung" title="Isotopenmarkierung">Isotopenmarkierungen</a> haben ergeben, dass die <a href="Biosynthese" title="Biosynthese">Biosynthese</a> über den <a href="Mevalonatbiosyntheseweg" class="mw-redirect" title="Mevalonatbiosyntheseweg">Mevalonat-Biosyntheseweg</a> verläuft.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die Chacotriose-Komponente wird durch schrittweise Glycosylierung von Solanidin aufgebaut.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biologische_Bedeutung">Biologische Bedeutung</h2></div>
<p>Chaconin wirkt <a href="Fungizid" title="Fungizid">fungizid</a> gegen verschiedene Pilzarten, aber auch <a href="Insektizid" title="Insektizid">insektizid</a>, z. B. gegen <i>Phthorimaea operculella</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Der Chaconingehalt in der Pflanze ist wichtig für die Widerstandsfähigkeit gegen diesen Schädling; in einer Studie hat sich eine klare Korrelation zwischen dem Alkaloid-Gehalt und der Sterblichkeit von <a href="Puppe_(Insekt)" title="Puppe (Insekt)">Puppen</a> auf der Pflanze gezeigt.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zum Teil können Schädlinge der Giftwirkung entgehen, beispielsweise haben <i>Phthorimaea operculella</i> Bakterien (<i>Glutamicibacter halophytocola</i>) im Magen, die Chaconin abbauen können und bestimmte <a href="Pilze" title="Pilze">Pilze</a> verfügen ebenfalls über <a href="Enzym" title="Enzym">Enzyme</a>, die Chaconin <a href="Hydrolyse" title="Hydrolyse">hydrolysieren</a> können.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chaconin ist ein Inhibitor von <a href="Acetylcholinesterase" title="Acetylcholinesterase">Acetylcholinesterasen</a> bei Insekten. Das entsprechende Enzym des Kartoffelkäfers <i><a href="Leptinotarsa_decemlineata" class="mw-redirect" title="Leptinotarsa decemlineata">Leptinotarsa decemlineata</a></i> ist hiervon jedoch kaum betroffen.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toxikologie">Toxikologie</h2></div>
<p>In Studien an <a href="Hausratte" title="Hausratte">Ratten</a> hat sich bei <a href="Intraperitoneale_Applikation" class="mw-redirect" title="Intraperitoneale Applikation">intraperitonealer</a> Gabe ein <a href="LD50" class="mw-redirect" title="LD50">LD<sub>50</sub></a>-Wert von 84 mg/kg ergeben. Schon in geringen Mengen wirkte es <a href="Teratogen" title="Teratogen">teratogen</a> und verursachte Fehlgeburten und Missbildungen der Rippen bei Neugeborenen.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die teratogene Wirkung hängt stark von der Zuckerkomponente ab. <i>β</i><sub>1</sub>-Chaconin wirkt schwächer als <i>α</i>-Chaconin. Die <i>β</i><sub>2</sub>- und <i>γ</i>-Formen wirken noch einmal deutlich schwächer.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Der Gehalt in Kartoffeln beträgt je nach Sorte und äußeren Einflüssen bis etwa 100 mg/kg. Erhitzen (Kochen, Braten, Backen) hat kaum Einfluss auf den Gehalt.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oft ist der Gehalt bei der Ernte noch eher niedrig und nimmt dann mit der Zeit zu.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chaconin schädigt <a href="Zellmembran" title="Zellmembran">Zellmembranen</a> und wirkt dabei synergistisch mit <a href="Solanin" title="Solanin">Solanin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sonstige_Eigenschaften">Sonstige Eigenschaften</h2></div>
<p>Die fungiziden Eigenschaften sind stark <i>p</i>H-abhängig, im sauren Milieu ist die Wirkung deutlich geringer. Es wirkt allerdings synergistisch mit <a href="Solanin" title="Solanin">Solanin</a>: eine Mischung beider Alkaloide hat deutlich stärkere fungizide Eigenschaften als jede einzelne Verbindung und auch der Effekt eines niedrigen <i>p</i>H-Werts ist deutlich weniger ausgeprägt.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chaconin ist außerdem <a href="Zytotoxizit%C3%A4t" title="Zytotoxizität">cytotoxisch</a> und auch in diesem Fall hat die Mischung mit Solanin einen synergistischen Effekt.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Weitere pharmakologische Studien deuteten außerdem auf <a href="Entz%C3%BCndungshemmung" title="Entzündungshemmung">entzündungshemmende</a> Eigenschaften sowie auf eine Wirkung gegen <a href="Protozoen" title="Protozoen">Protozoen</a> hin.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nachweis">Nachweis</h2></div>
<p>Der quantitative Nachweis von Chaconin in pflanzlichem Material gelingt nach Extraktion mit <a href="Pyridin" title="Pyridin">Pyridin</a>, <a href="Silylierung" title="Silylierung">Silylierung</a> und <a href="Gaschromatographie" title="Gaschromatographie">gaschromatographischer</a> Trennung von Chaconin und <a href="Solanin" title="Solanin">Solanin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weblinks">Weblinks</h2></div>
<div class="sisterproject" style="margin:0.1em 0 0 0;"><div class="noresize noviewer" style="display:inline-block; line-height:10px; min-width:1.6em; text-align:center;" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons"></span></span></div><b><span class=""><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chaconine?uselang=de"><span lang="en">Commons</span>: Chaconin</a></span></b> – Sammlung von Bildern, Videos und Audiodateien</div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-Sigma-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Sigma_1-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Sigma_1-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Sigma_1-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Sigma_1-3">d</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Sigma_1-4">e</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Sigma_1-5">f</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Datenblatt <span style="font-style:italic;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/SIAL/PHL80075">α-Chaconin, ≥95.0%</a></span> bei <a href="Sigma-Aldrich" title="Sigma-Aldrich">Sigma-Aldrich</a>, abgerufen am 27. Juli 2023 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/DE/de/sds/SIAL/PHL80075?userType=anonymous">PDF</a>).<span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">James R. Rayburn, John A. Bantle, Mendel Friedman: <cite style="font-style:italic">Role of Carbohydrate Side Chains of Potato Glycoalkaloids in Developmental Toxicity</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic"><a href="Journal_of_Agricultural_and_Food_Chemistry" title="Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry">Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry</a></cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>42</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>7</span>, Juli 1994, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1511–1515</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00043a022">10.1021/jf00043a022</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Chaconin&rft.atitle=Role+of+Carbohydrate+Side+Chains+of+Potato+Glycoalkaloids+in+Developmental+Toxicity&rft.au=James+R.+Rayburn%2C+John+A.+Bantle%2C+Mendel+Friedman&rft.date=1994-07&rft.doi=10.1021%2Fjf00043a022&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=7&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Agricultural+and+Food+Chemistry&rft.pages=1511-1515&rft.volume=42" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sebastian Baur, Oliver Frank, Hans Hausladen, Ralph Hückelhoven, Thomas Hofmann, Wolfgang Eisenreich, Corinna Dawid: <cite style="font-style:italic">Biosynthesis of α-solanine and α-chaconine in potato leaves (Solanum tuberosum L.) – A 13CO2 study</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic"><a href="Food_Chemistry" title="Food Chemistry">Food Chemistry</a></cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>365</span>, Dezember 2021, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>130461</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130461">10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130461</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Chaconin&rft.atitle=Biosynthesis+of+%CE%B1-solanine+and+%CE%B1-chaconine+in+potato+leaves+%28Solanum+tuberosum+L.%29+-+A+13CO2+study&rft.au=Sebastian+Baur%2C+Oliver+Frank%2C+Hans+Hausladen%2C+...&rft.btitle=Food+Chemistry&rft.date=2021-12&rft.doi=10.1016%2Fj.foodchem.2021.130461&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=130461&rft.volume=365" style="display:none"> </span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kent F. McCue, Paul V. Allen, Louise V.T. Shepherd, Alison Blake, Jonathan Whitworth, M. Malendia Maccree, David R. Rockhold, Derek Stewart, Howard V. Davies, William R. Belknap: <cite style="font-style:italic">The primary in vivo steroidal alkaloid glucosyltransferase from potato<span dir="auto" style="font-style:normal">☆</span></cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic"><a href="Phytochemistry" title="Phytochemistry">Phytochemistry</a></cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>67</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>15</span>, August 2006, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1590–1597</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2005.09.037">10.1016/j.phytochem.2005.09.037</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Chaconin&rft.atitle=The+primary+in+vivo+steroidal+alkaloid+glucosyltransferase+from+potato%E2%98%86&rft.au=Kent+F.+McCue%2C+Paul+V.+Allen%2C+Louise+V.T.+Shepherd%2C+...&rft.date=2006-08&rft.doi=10.1016%2Fj.phytochem.2005.09.037&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=15&rft.jtitle=Phytochemistry&rft.pages=1590-1597&rft.volume=67" style="display:none"> </span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:0-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Alison M. Fewell, James G. Roddick: <cite style="font-style:italic">Interactive antifungal activity of the glycoalkaloids α-solanine and α-chaconine</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic"><a href="Phytochemistry" title="Phytochemistry">Phytochemistry</a></cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>33</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>2</span>, Mai 1993, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>323–328</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422%2893%2985511-O">10.1016/0031-9422(93)85511-O</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Chaconin&rft.atitle=Interactive+antifungal+activity+of+the+glycoalkaloids+%CE%B1-solanine+and+%CE%B1-chaconine&rft.au=Alison+M.+Fewell%2C+James+G.+Roddick&rft.date=1993-05&rft.doi=10.1016%2F0031-9422%2893%2985511-O&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Phytochemistry&rft.pages=323-328&rft.volume=33" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Daniela Pacifico, Sergio Musmeci, Josè Sanchez del Pulgar, Chiara Onofri, Bruno Parisi, Raffaele Sasso, Giuseppe Mandolino, Ginevra Lombardi-Boccia: <cite style="font-style:italic">Caffeic Acid and α-Chaconine Influence the Resistance of Potato Tuber to Phthorimaea operculella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">American Journal of Potato Research</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>96</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>4</span>, August 2019, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>403–413</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s12230-019-09726-7">10.1007/s12230-019-09726-7</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Chaconin&rft.atitle=Caffeic+Acid+and+%CE%B1-Chaconine+Influence+the+Resistance+of+Potato+Tuber+to+Phthorimaea+operculella+%28Lepidoptera%3A+Gelechiidae%29&rft.au=Daniela+Pacifico%2C+Sergio+Musmeci%2C+Jos%C3%A8+Sanchez+del+Pulgar%2C+...&rft.date=2019-08&rft.doi=10.1007%2Fs12230-019-09726-7&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Potato+Research&rft.pages=403-413&rft.volume=96" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wenqian Wang, Guanli Xiao, Guangzu Du, Lvshu Chang, Yun Yang, Jvhui Ye, Bin Chen: <cite style="font-style:italic">Glutamicibacter halophytocola ‐mediated host fitness of potato tuber moth on Solanaceae crops</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic"><a href="Pest_Management_Science" title="Pest Management Science">Pest Management Science</a></cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>78</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>9</span>, September 2022, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>3920–3930</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.6955">10.1002/ps.6955</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Chaconin&rft.atitle=Glutamicibacter+halophytocola+%E2%80%90mediated+host+fitness+of+potato+tuber+moth+on+Solanaceae+crops&rft.au=Wenqian+Wang%2C+Guanli+Xiao%2C+Guangzu+Du%2C+...&rft.date=2022-09&rft.doi=10.1002%2Fps.6955&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=9&rft.jtitle=Pest+Management+Science&rft.pages=3920-3930&rft.volume=78" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Yuji Oda, Katsuichi Saito, Akiko Ohara-Takada, Motoyuki Mori: <cite style="font-style:italic">Hydrolysis of the potato glycoalkaloid α-chaconine by filamentous fungi</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>94</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>4</span>, Oktober 2002, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>321–325</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S1389-1723%2802%2980171-2">10.1016/S1389-1723(02)80171-2</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Chaconin&rft.atitle=Hydrolysis+of+the+potato+glycoalkaloid+%CE%B1-chaconine+by+filamentous+fungi&rft.au=Yuji+Oda%2C+Katsuichi+Saito%2C+Akiko+Ohara-Takada%2C+...&rft.date=2002-10&rft.doi=10.1016%2FS1389-1723%2802%2980171-2&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Bioscience+and+Bioengineering&rft.pages=321-325&rft.volume=94" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Klaus-M. Weltring, Judith Wessels, Rudolf Geyer: <cite style="font-style:italic">Metabolism of the potato saponins α-chaconine and α-solanine by Gibberella pilicaris</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic"><a href="Phytochemistry" title="Phytochemistry">Phytochemistry</a></cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>46</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>6</span>, November 1997, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1005–1009</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422%2897%2900388-9">10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00388-9</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Chaconin&rft.atitle=Metabolism+of+the+potato+saponins+%CE%B1-chaconine+and+%CE%B1-solanine+by+Gibberella+pilicaris&rft.au=Klaus-M.+Weltring%2C+Judith+Wessels%2C+Rudolf+Geyer&rft.date=1997-11&rft.doi=10.1016%2FS0031-9422%2897%2900388-9&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=6&rft.jtitle=Phytochemistry&rft.pages=1005-1009&rft.volume=46" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Joel M. Wierenga, Robert M. Hollingworth: <cite style="font-style:italic">Inhibition of insect acetylcholinesterase by the potato glycoalkaloid α-chaconine</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Natural Toxins</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>2</span>, 1992, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>96–99</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/nt.2620010207">10.1002/nt.2620010207</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Chaconin&rft.atitle=Inhibition+of+insect+acetylcholinesterase+by+the+potato+glycoalkaloid+%CE%B1-chaconine&rft.au=Joel+M.+Wierenga%2C+Robert+M.+Hollingworth&rft.date=1992&rft.doi=10.1002%2Fnt.2620010207&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Natural+Toxins&rft.pages=96-99&rft.volume=1" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shakuntala Chaube, Chester A. Swinyard: <cite style="font-style:italic">Teratological and toxicological studies of alkaloidal and phenolic compounds from Solanum Tuberosum L.</cite> In: <cite style="font-style:italic"><a href="Toxicology_and_Applied_Pharmacology" title="Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology">Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology</a></cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>36</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>2</span>, Mai 1976, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>227–237</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0041-008X%2876%2990002-8">10.1016/0041-008X(76)90002-8</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Chaconin&rft.atitle=Teratological+and+toxicological+studies+of+alkaloidal+and+phenolic+compounds+from+Solanum+Tuberosum+L.&rft.au=Shakuntala+Chaube%2C+Chester+A.+Swinyard&rft.date=1976-05&rft.doi=10.1016%2F0041-008X%2876%2990002-8&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Toxicology+and+Applied+Pharmacology&rft.pages=227-237&rft.volume=36" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rodney J. Bushway, Rathy Ponnampalam: <cite style="font-style:italic">α-Chaconine and α-solanine content of potato products and their stability during several modes of cooking</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic"><a href="Journal_of_Agricultural_and_Food_Chemistry" title="Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry">Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry</a></cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>29</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>4</span>, Juli 1981, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>814–817</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00106a033">10.1021/jf00106a033</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Chaconin&rft.atitle=%CE%B1-Chaconine+and+%CE%B1-solanine+content+of+potato+products+and+their+stability+during+several+modes+of+cooking&rft.au=Rodney+J.+Bushway%2C+Rathy+Ponnampalam&rft.date=1981-07&rft.doi=10.1021%2Fjf00106a033&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Agricultural+and+Food+Chemistry&rft.pages=814-817&rft.volume=29" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Valeria Romanucci, Antonio Pisanti, Giovanni Di Fabio, Sergio Davinelli, Giovanni Scapagnini, Annalisa Guaragna, Armando Zarrelli: <cite style="font-style:italic">Toxin levels in different variety of potatoes: Alarming contents of α-chaconine</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Phytochemistry Letters</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>16</span>, Juni 2016, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>103–107</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytol.2016.03.013">10.1016/j.phytol.2016.03.013</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Chaconin&rft.atitle=Toxin+levels+in+different+variety+of+potatoes%3A+Alarming+contents+of+%CE%B1-chaconine&rft.au=Valeria+Romanucci%2C+Antonio+Pisanti%2C+Giovanni+Di+Fabio%2C+...&rft.btitle=Phytochemistry+Letters&rft.date=2016-06&rft.doi=10.1016%2Fj.phytol.2016.03.013&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=103-107&rft.volume=16" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">James G. Roddick, Anna L. Rijnenberg, Stanley F. Osman: <cite style="font-style:italic">Synergistic interaction between potato glycoalkaloids?-solanine and?-chaconine in relation to destabilization of cell membranes: Ecological implications</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic"><a href="Journal_of_Chemical_Ecology" title="Journal of Chemical Ecology">Journal of Chemical Ecology</a></cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>14</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>3</span>, März 1988, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>889–902</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01018781">10.1007/BF01018781</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Chaconin&rft.atitle=Synergistic+interaction+between+potato+glycoalkaloids%3F-solanine+and%3F-chaconine+in+relation+to+destabilization+of+cell+membranes%3A+Ecological+implications&rft.au=James+G.+Roddick%2C+Anna+L.+Rijnenberg%2C+Stanley+F.+Osman&rft.date=1988-03&rft.doi=10.1007%2FBF01018781&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chemical+Ecology&rft.pages=889-902&rft.volume=14" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shiro Yamashoji, Takako Matsuda: <cite style="font-style:italic">Synergistic cytotoxicity induced by α-solanine and α-chaconine</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic"><a href="Food_Chemistry" title="Food Chemistry">Food Chemistry</a></cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>141</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>2</span>, November 2013, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>669–674</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.03.104">10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.03.104</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Chaconin&rft.atitle=Synergistic+cytotoxicity+induced+by+%CE%B1-solanine+and+%CE%B1-chaconine&rft.au=Shiro+Yamashoji%2C+Takako+Matsuda&rft.date=2013-11&rft.doi=10.1016%2Fj.foodchem.2013.03.104&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Food+Chemistry&rft.pages=669-674&rft.volume=141" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Julien A. Delbrouck, Michael Desgagné, Christian Comeau, Kamal Bouarab, François Malouin, Pierre-Luc Boudreault: <cite style="font-style:italic">The Therapeutic Value of Solanum Steroidal (Glyco)Alkaloids: A 10-Year Comprehensive Review</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic"><a href="Molecules" title="Molecules">Molecules</a></cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>28</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>13</span>, 23. Juni 2023, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>4957</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28134957">10.3390/molecules28134957</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37446619?dopt=Abstract">PMID 37446619</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10343844/">PMC 10343844</a> (freier Volltext).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Chaconin&rft.atitle=The+Therapeutic+Value+of+Solanum+Steroidal+%28Glyco%29Alkaloids%3A+A+10-Year+Comprehensive+Review&rft.au=Julien+A.+Delbrouck%2C+Michael+Desgagn%C3%A9%2C+Christian+Comeau%2C+...&rft.date=2023-06-23&rft.doi=10.3390%2Fmolecules28134957&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=13&rft.jtitle=Molecules&rft.pages=4957&rft.pmc=10343844&rft.pmid=37446619&rft.volume=28" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Christian Roosen-Runge, Erich Schneider: <cite style="font-style:italic">Zur Bestimmung der Solanum-Alkaloide Solanin und Chaconin</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic"><a href="Zeitschrift_f%C3%BCr_Lebensmittel-Untersuchung_und_-Forschung" title="Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und -Forschung">Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und -Forschung</a></cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>164</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>2</span>, Juni 1977, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>96–97</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01354310">10.1007/BF01354310</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Chaconin&rft.atitle=Zur+Bestimmung+der+Solanum-Alkaloide+Solanin+und+Chaconin&rft.au=Christian+Roosen-Runge%2C+Erich+Schneider&rft.date=1977-06&rft.doi=10.1007%2FBF01354310&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Lebensmittel-Untersuchung+und+-Forschung&rft.pages=96-97&rft.volume=164" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
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